If your students struggle identifying data, it may be helpful to have them go through the text and underline specific observations and facts that they read.

If students are unable to come up with an explanation, provide them with one and then ask them to identify all of the evidence that supports the explanation. If your students do not have a lot of experience creating evidence-based explanations, you may want to do this in small groups and help guide the discussion by using questions (ie: Why would wiggling their middle toe attract young toads?)

Here is the explanation / conclusion that the professor stated:

“The toe waving seems to be beautifully designed to arouse the feeding responses of a small cane toad. They presumably think it looks like a small insect.”

Hungry young toads approach the wiggling toe, thinking that it is food. When they get close enough, the adult eats them.